Extinguishing Fires and Fire Detection Central Control Panel

Question: Discuss about the Extinguishing Fires and Fire Detection for Central Control Panel . Answer: Fire Alarm Terminology Explanation of different terms of Fire Alarm Terminology (I) Addressable fire alarm system: An addressable fire alarm system is made up of a series of fire detectors and devices that are connected back to a central control panel (Kong, Yang Kang, 2015). (II) Conventional fire alarm system: The conventional fire alarm system is an early warning system design for small facilities (Bhattacharjee et al., 2012).These fire alarm systems are inexpensive but sometimes it can be challenging locating the alarms. (III) Two states Detector: Conventional or two-state detector is a detector that gives one of two states relating to either normal or fire alarm conditions (Aad et al. 2013). (IV) Analogue detector: It is defined as a detector that helps in detecting smoke or heat sensor and manual call point, which is coded with a unique address (Bieberle et al. 2012). (V) Pre-alarm warning: Pre-alarm Warning is defined as a alarm condition which provides indication about a signal (etin et al., 2013). The indication may be due to rise in heat levels or due to smoke alert. (VI) Staff Alarm: Staff alarm system is defined as a system, which consists of a number of fully monitored Dual-TechCeiling, or Wall mounted location units. These location units contain bothInfraredreceivers for localized receipt of signals and aRadiotransmitter to communicate information back to the System (Crogan Dupler, 2014). Explanation of circumstances and the arrangements of staff alarm facility Circumstances in which staff alarm system is needed Staff Alarm system is required in organizations in different situations. The Staff alarm must be used when it is necessary to notify the employees of an organization to evacuate the entire space in any emergency scenario (Rinsurongkawong et al., 2012). The emergency scenario can be during the event of a fire. The employees alarm system is used such that the employees of the organization hear the rings of the alarm system and evacuate the place. The sound of alarm system, which is used, must be different from the normal background noise so that the employees of the organization differentiate between the noises. Other circumstances like in natural calamities, the organizations use the alarm system so that the place will be evacuated by every employee in emergency. Arrangements that are incorporated within the staff alarm system The arrangement that must be incorporated with the staff alarm system includes: Initiation of building evacuation with the use of the nearest alarm pulls station. The employees of the organization must be trained so that they can use the portable fire extinguishers properly (Islam et al., 2013). Combustible and flammable storage must be applicable sections under National fire protection association. Stairwells of the building must be free from any type of obstructions such as storage, vending machines and many more (Angelo, 2012). Detection Review Methods of operation of different types of detector (I) An electronic fixed temperature: An electronic device with a thermostat acting as the heat sensitive element is a type of resistor whose resistance changes significantly according to temperature (Wang et al., 3013).These detectors can operate as a fixed-temperature and a rate-of-rise device or both depending on their intended design. (II) An ionization chamber smoke detector: Ionization Smoke Detector is able to sense smoke particles that are too small for the naked eye (Dimitropoulos et al., 2015). Through alpha radiation, the ionization smoke detector passes through the air-filled space container, allowing flow of electrodes. However if any smoke gets inside the chamber and absorbs the alpha particles, it lowers the level of ionization, hurting the flow of electrodes, thus setting off the alarm. (III) An optical smoke detector: Smoke Detector, also referred to as a Photoelectric Type Device, uses a light source to detect smoke. The Infra-Red LED is a lens that shots a beam over a large area (Kang, et al., 2013).If smoke is present in the room, it enters the optical chamber, having smoke particles scatter and sensor sets of the alarm. In very large areas where a smoke detector is placed, two optical detectors send the straight line of infrared beam from a sender to a receiver. (IV) A carbon monoxide fire detector: Carbon monoxide detectors sound an alarm when they sense a certain amount of carbon monoxide in the air over time. Different types of alarms are triggered by different types of sensors such as inBiomimetic sensor a gel changes the color when it absorbs carbon monoxide, and this color change helps in triggering the alarm system. (V) An Intra Red Flame Detector: An intra red flame detectors respond to the production of one or a combination of infrared spectrums of electromagnetic radiation. These detectors are often used in situations where there is a potential for the rapid development of fire such as flammable liquids (Alkhatib, 2014). These detectors comprise an electronic circuit with an electromagnetic radiation receiver. Flame detectors are actuated when they receive electromagnetic radiation from one or more defined wavelengths are received according to their design in the ultra-violet or infrared spectrum. (VI) An ultraviolet flame detector: Ultraviolet detectors react to the construction of one or a combination of ultraviolent spectrum of electromagnetic radiation (Urban et al., 2015). These detectors consist of an electronic circuit with an electromagnetic radiation recipient. Ultraviolent Flame detectors are activated when they receive electromagnetic radiation from one or wavelengths that are more distinct. Examples of different types of detector Examples of carbon monoxide fire detector: Cigarette smoke detector and CE mini smoke detector Both the smoke alarm is unsuitable as they are electrical/electronic device, which can be affected by electrical noise, or interference, which occurs within any dwelling. Examples of an optical smoke detector ROHS commercial smoke detector and Standalone smoke detector ROHS commercial smoke detector and Standalone smoke detector are unsuitable to install due to electrical issues. The smoke alarm is fitted with line filtering this cannot safeguard against all possible causes of interference or excessive levels of interference. Examples of an ionization chamber smoke detector Heiman smoke detector and intelligent smoke detector Both Heiman smoke detector and intelligent smoke detector are unsuitable to install due to environmental issues. The smoke alarm will sound if it senses smoke or something, which stimulates smoke. Additionally electrical strikes or noise can cause the smoke alarm to briefly sound.Smoke Alarms are auto resetting and therefore will silence once the cause is removed. Examples of an electronic fixed temperature: Photoelectric smoke detector and Commercial smoke detector Both Photoelectric smoke detector and Commercial smoke detector are unsuitable to install due to electrical issues. Smoke Alarms chirp as an indication of a fault or not normal condition.The smoke alarm will normally chirp forLow battery level False Alarm Reduction and management Measures when rate exceeds the critical points When the rate teaches the critical points Fire Alarm detectors shall be installed outside of each separate sleeping area in the immediate vicinity of the bedrooms (Fernandez-Berni et al., 2012). It must be installed in sleeping rooms in new construction and it is recommended that they shall also be installed in sleeping rooms in existing construction. Drastic effect on the system if it exceeds the critical point The effects include: It causes transmission of a wrong alarm notification signal to the fire department or other emergency response organization. Selection and placement of these detectors is dependent upon a variety of factors including the need for automatic or manual initiation, ambient temperature and environmental conditions and therefore exceed from the critical point causes drastic effect on the alarm system (Aslan et al., 2012). Summary of the Advice in table 5 of BS 5839-1 It is advised that when fire alarm reaches above the critical point the critical points Fire Alarm detectors shall be installed outside different sleeping area in the instant vicinity of the bedrooms (Fernandez-Berni et al., 2012). Choice and placement of the detectors is based upon a mixture of factors including the need for automatic or manual initiation, ambient temperature. It is advised that the alarm system must be used in sleeping accommodation in new construction. d-Alternative detector The Addressable alarm system would be suitable for the building. This is because Addressable or "intelligent" systems represent the current state-of-the-art in fire detection and alarm technology (Merino et al., 2012).These systems monitor and control the capabilities of each alarm initiating and signaling device through microprocessors and system software. It initiates an alarm only if the observed situation is extremely unlikely when compared with its experience. Starting with a suitable set of parameters, this concept requires the no fire-detector to collect and store experience parameters relating to ambient conditions continuously after it has been installed. Domestic Applications Definition of Smoke Detector Smoke alarm is defined as a device that automatically detects and provides warning alarm regarding the presence of a smoke in the air (Othman Shazali, 2012).Smoke detectoris a device that senses smoke, typically as an indicator offire. Commercial security devices issue a signal to afire alarm control panelas part of afire alarm system, while household smoke detectors, also known assmoke alarms, generally issue a local audible or visualalarmfrom the detector itself. b:Advice regarding Smoke Alarm (I) Suggestion of purchasing Fire Alarm system on the basis of creation, standard and power supply Interconnect able alarms: Interconnect able alarm system is suggested as it can be set up in a network where if one smoke alarm is activated, all other smoke alarms on the same network will also activate (Yuan et al., 2015). This can be very useful in larger homes where it may be difficult to hear smoke alarms that are at the other end of the house or on another level. Creation: In Interconnect able alarm systemLine of wirelessly interconnects -able alarms designed to meet the needs of contractors that retrofit or remodel existing properties (Ha et al., 2012). It offers the same interconnected functionality as hardwired alarms, without the wires. Standard: The Interconnect able alarms system are very much standard as an individual get aware of the alarm system then pressing the isolator button will switch off all the alarms except for the one that initially activated the alert. Power: The alarm system is suggested, as it is very much useful for larger homes. Installation charge of the alarm system is not much (Othman Shazali, 2012). It is a mains powered smoke alarm and thus it is wired direct to a 240 volt AC power supply or to a 12/24 volt DC system powered by a 240 volt supply. (II) Number of alarm system and the category of house The building must have one alarm in each room so that if any danger or fire circumstances occur then each individual in the building knows about the circumstance. The house belongs to the category B. This is because the house is shared by each individuals of the family exclusive of bedrooms. Each individual lives in the house independent of others by sharing the same house. The smoke alarm system cannot helpful in saving all the individuals of the buildings always. This is because sometimes the system responds very slowly or it contain very small amount of radioactive materials (Bhattacharjee, 2012). The smoke detectors are not hardwired into a home's electrical system and as a result, they rely exclusively on battery power, requiring regular checking and replacement. A smoke detector with a dead battery saves no lives. Battery Operated Smoke Alarms (I) Reasons for the removal of battery in Alarm system The reasons for which the battery of the smoke alarm system in the two-storey building includes: The battery of the alarm system might be stop working and therefore the property owners of the building might have removed the battery in the hope that the battery will be changed as soon as possible (Wang et al., 2013). The battery of the smoke alarm system might have stolen by someone. This has led to number of death cases in the building, as the smoke detector cannot detect the smoke, which is occurred due to the fire as because of absence of battery in the system (Kumar, 2014). (II) Advices to the Local Authority A number of advices are given to the local authority of that area, where the building is situated. The advice is about the future use of smoke alarm system. It is very much important to have a Category A type of smoke alarm system, which provides proper facility of smoke detection. The smoke detector must be installed in each building of the area, so that the people of that area will be saving in case of fire or any other problems (Garg et al., 2013).The more alarm area has, the safer will be the people of that area. Therefore, it is suggested to the local authority that they should provide smoke alarm detectors with ionization and optical features. Industrial Problems Existing Fire detection system in industries and the reason behind their selection The problem that occured by using conventional alarm system is that conventional system does not allow the control to monitor the sensitivity of the smoke detectors. It simply reports which device is in alarm. The industry use conventional alarm system. Conventional alarm system is selected is a non-addressable system, which may use fire detection zones, which are usually represented by LEDs on the control panel. Each zone identifies a specific area of the building in order to speed up the location of a fire. Measures for reducing false alarms The measures of the fire alarm system include: The sensitivity of the alarm system is reduced by de-rating the heat detectors. This will be helpful in reducing false alarms (Yoon Min, 2013). Isolating zones prior to construction works and cleaning smoke detector covers prior to their removal (Cruz et al., 2016). Advising the fire alarm maintenance company when there is a change of building use Restrictions and limitations of the measures There are number of restrictions of the measures that are provided in order to reduce the false alarm. The limitations include: De-rating heat detectors: The de-rating procedure of detectors reduces the sensitivity of the alarm system. As a result, if any fire arising circumstance occurs then the system cannot detect the smoke, therefore alarm will not be provided (HabiboÄÅ ¸lu et al., 2012). This can cause a number of severe problems including death. Isolation of Zones: If a zone is isolated and a problem related with fire occurs then it will be impossible for the authority to save the building. Alternative fire alarm system Fire detection system with control panels is the alternative approach for forming a detection system for the industry. It provides proper testing system, which assures the industry about the fire alarm system, which operates at optimum performance, and integrity, which has not been compromised during or subsequent to the installation (Su et al., 2014). Proper testing prevents false alarms and associated costs when fire trucks are unnecessarily dispatched to the building. Early detection plays a significant role in protecting the safety of emergency response personnel. It provides information to emergency responders on the location of the fire, speeding up the fire control process.It is designed and installed correctly and thus provides adequate time for the occupants to safely evacuate a building and to alert local first responders to the impending danger (Rodriquez Young, 2013). The system is configured for providing a wide range of flexibility, with components controlling a variet y of devices. Additional measures and licensing Description of the form of protection (I) Reason Behind the Selecting the Decision The detector that must be used is automatic fire detection and alarm system. The detector that is used includes a sensor. When the amount of smoke in the air increases as compared with the density of air, the sensor senses it (Iqbal et al., 2014).After sensing the smoke the alarm system that is internally connected with the circuit starts ringing. (II) Extra detection recommended by BS The recommendation includes: The sensitivity of the alarm system must be reduced by de-rating the heat detectors. This will be helpful in reducing false alarms. The automatic alarm system must be designed and installed correctlyfor alerting local first responders (Butz et al., 2014). Combustible and flammable storage must be applicable sections under National fire protection association. (III) Site of alarm sounders and their reason The alarm sounders should be positioned close to exits, in each room of the building so that each individual get to know about the risk.It provides information to emergency responders on the location of the fire, speeding up the fire control process (Dong et al., 2015). If a detector recognizes a condition, which could be indicative of a fire, then it will start producing sound, which will be beneficial to save one self from the danger. (IV) Duration of time the system is powered by the battery The alarm system is suggested, as it is very much useful. Installation charge of the alarm system is not much. It is a mains powered smoke alarm and thus it is wired direct to a 240 volt AC power supply or to a 12/24 volt DC system for charging the battery (Elbasuney Mostafa, 2015). The battery will last for around 5 hours when there is scarcity or unavailability of min failures. 6.b: Explanation about the installation of HMOs It is installed in HMOs because there are several advantages of its implementation. One of the advancements offered by these systems is their ability to specifically identify where a fault has developed. Therefore, instead of merely showing a fault along a wire, they will indicate the location of the problem. This permits faster diagnosis of the trouble, and allows a quicker repair and return to normal. Extinguishing Fires 1. Extinguishing agents Various types of extinguishing agents Water and Foam: Water and Foamfire extinguishers extinguish the fire by taking away theheatelement of the fire triangle. Foam agents also separate theoxygenelement from the other elements. Dry Chemical: Dry Chemicalfire extinguishers extinguish the fire primarily by interrupting thechemical reactionof the fire triangle (Garg et al., 2013). Clean Agent: HalogenatedorClean Agentextinguishers include the halon agents as well as the newer and less ozone depleting halocarbon agents. They extinguish the fire by interrupting thechemical reactionof the fire triangle (Kumar, 2014). Dry Powder: Dry Powderextinguishers are similar to dry chemical except that they extinguish the fire by separating the fuelfrom theoxygenelement or by removing theheatelement of the fire triangle (Elbasuney Mostafa, 2015).However, dry powder extinguishers are for Class D or combustible metal fires, only. They are ineffective on all other classes of fires. Types of Fire extinguishers Water and Foam: it can use Class A fires as it fires inordinary combustiblessuch aswood, paper, cloth, trash, and plastics (Bhattacharjee, 2012). Dry Chemical: It can use both Class B fires are as they fires inflammable liquidssuch asgasoline, petroleum oil and paint. Clean Agent: It uses Class C fires as it fires involvingenergized electrical equipmentsuch asmotors, transformers, and appliances. Remove the power and the Class C fire becomes one of the other classes of fire (Othman Shazali, 2012). Dry Powder: Class C fires are fires involvingenergized electrical equipmentsuch asmotors, transformers, and appliances. Remove the power and the Class C fire becomes one of the other classes of fire. Need of quantity, sitting and performance of fire requirement in office Need of fire extinguishers include: Quantity:In a building with a floor area greater than 400 m there should be a minimum of extinguishers with a minimum combined fire rating of 0.065 x floor area (m2) Sitting: The extinguishers should be positioned close to exits, for further information on where it is desirable to have smaller, lighter extinguishers, foam, or water with additives can be used to reduce weight whilst maintaining firefighting capability (Yuan et al., 2015). Performance: The number of extinguishers connected in a building depends on the load or the performance of an extinguisher. Definition of occupancy hazards relevant to NFPA paragraph Occupancy Hazard NFPA paragraph Office Block Occupancies in this class are considered SEVERE hazard occupancies, where quantity and combustibility of contents are high. Class 3 Assembly Area Occupancies in this class are considered LOW hazard occupancies, where quantity and combustibility of contents are moderate Class 6 Painting Area Occupancies in this class are considered MODERATE hazard occupancies, where quantity and combustibility of contents are moderate Class 5 Commodities and Storage Arrangement Commodity Class Configuration Heights Required Density (meter square) Metals component in single corrugated cartons Class I Double row pallet beam racking 6.0m 0.10 Glass light covers with paper in single corrugated cartons Class I Double row pallet beam racking 6.0m 0.20 Aluminum and steel components in slatted timber crates Class IV Double row pallet beam racking 4.5m 0.15 Polypropylene components in cartons stretch wrap Class III Double row pallet beam racking 6.0m 0.30 PVC insulated electric cable Class III Double row pallet beam racking 6.0m 0.15 Replacement lamb heads in cardboard cartoons Class I Single row beam racking 6.0m 0.12 Idle timber pallets Class II Single row beam racking 4.5 m 0.25 Adequacy of Fire protection and risk Improvement Essential safety measures are the fire, life safety and health items installed or constructed in a building to ensure adequate levels of fire safety and protection from such things as Legionella over the life of the building. Essential safety measures include all traditional building fire services such as sprinklers and mechanical services etc., but also include passive fire safety such as fire doors, fire-rated structures and other building infrastructure items such as paths of travel to exits (Merino et al., 2012). An essential safety measure, for the purpose of the Regulations, is provided for the safety of people in a building or place of public entertainment. The following risk improvements are necessary: Ensuring the service is maintained at a level of performance specified by the relevant building surveyor (RBS) (Aslan et al., 2012). Periodical inspections and checks in accordance with an Australian Standard or other specified method. Water Spray System Methods for extinguishing fire by using Water The methods for extinguishing a fire include: Spray: When water is applied as a spray then it is helpful for driving smoke or gas. An example of this would be using spray to drive smoke from an aircraft fuselage (Urban et al., 2015). Jet: Each droplet of the spray absorbs heat and removes it from the area of the fire. When water is applied as a jet, most of the water passes through the affected area with little benefit to the firefighting operation (Alkhatib, 2014). Pulse: A method for extinguishing fires inside compartments is to apply water in a pulsed spray by quickly opening and closing the branch. Major application system used to apply the spray A fire sprinkler system is an active fire protection method, consisting of a water supply system, providing adequate pressure and flow rate to a water distribution piping system, onto which fire sprinklers are connected (Dimitropoulos et al., 2015).The most important goal in the application of water spray is to get uniform distribution of the water throughout the area. Inadequate supply of water may not give the desired coverage and control needed. Additional extinguishing factors when high velocity of spray is applied The factors when high velocity of spray is applied Spray Nozzle: The selection of the proper spray nozzle that achieves the coverage area and water density required for the hazard being protected is one of the most important steps necessary to ensure the successful operation when high velocity of spray is applied (Angelo, 2012). HV High Velocity Directional Spray Nozzles:HV Nozzles are open (non-automatic) directional spray nozzles with individual inlet strainers (Bhattacharjee et al., 2012). They are designed for use in water spray fixed systems for fire protection applications where a high velocity water application may be required. Firefighting equipment (I) Various work areas in the building The various work area in the manufacturing company of motor car includes: Production area: It is the area where the goods are manufactured or produced by the employees of manufacturing company of motor car (Othman Shazali, 2012). The products include various parts of motorcar. Storage area: It is the area where manufactured goods are stored for export and import. Information system area: The information system of the company includes information about the whole organization including the financial status of the company. (II) Fire risks in the work area of the building Production area: The products that are manufactured in the production zone can be destroyed if a fire risk occurs in that section (Dimitropoulos et al., 2015). Storage area: The storage section includes huge amount of producers. If any fire risk occurs in this area then the organization will suffer huge losses in its financial status (Kumar, 2014). Information system area: The information system is very important for the company. If any risk of fire occurs in this section then the full information including the confidential gets destroyed. Therefore, the section must be handled properly (Yoon Min, 2013). (III)Appropriate extinguishing agents for the risks Extinguishing agents in Production area: Water and Foam must be used by the production department because Foam agents always separate the oxygen element from the other elements. Extinguishing agents in Storage area: Water mist must be used in the storage department because Water Mist extinguishers extinguish the fire by taking away theheat element of the fire triangle (Cruz et al., 2016). Extinguishing agents in Information system area: Carbon dioxide is the extinguishing agent that must be used for the IT system because Carbon Dioxide fire extinguishers extinguish fire by taking away the oxygen element of the fire triangle and be removing the heat with a very cold discharge. (IV)Description of two extinguishing agents Water and Foam: Water and Foamfire extinguishers extinguish the fire by taking away theheatelement of the fire triangle. Foam agents also separate theoxygenelement from the other elements (Fernndez-Berni et al., 2012).Water extinguishers are for Class A fires only - they should not be used on Class B or C fires. Water Mist: Water Mistextinguishers are a recent development that extinguishes the fire by taking away theheat element of the fire triangle (Yoon Min, 2013). They are an alternative to the clean agent extinguishers where contamination is a concern. Description of different choices of water supply available to the sprinkler system The choices of water supplies include: Supplies must be evaluated for resistance to pipe failure, pressure loss, droughts, and other issues that may affect availability. The system must provide adequate sprinkler supply and pressure. 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